Pest and Diseases of Coffee

Pest and Diseases in Coffee

PESTS :

Berry Borer or Broca (Stephanoderes hampee)

Control:
                -the plantation should not be top shaded and trees should be well-thinned of water sprouts. In infected plantations, waste pulp should be composted. All berries in the tree should be totally harvested to break the cycle of breeding. Chemical control by spraying should be started once a mass of adults appears but before they lay eggs. Spraying should be done every 2 weeks, 2-3 times during the season.

Coffee Stemborer (Zeuzera Coffee Nietner)

CONTROL:

-gather all the infected twigs and split them open to destroy the insects inside. The larva may also be killed by fumigating; plugging the hole with a piece of cloth or waste cotton after the fumigant is introduced into the tunnel.

 Scale Insects

Control :

-natural enemies usually keep the green scales in check. Spray insecticides every 2-3 weeks interval.

Mealy Bugs

Control

-unwanted sucker growth should be removed promptly.

DISEASES:

COFFEE RUST

Control:

- Thorough screening and quarantining of imported of introduced varieties, selection of suitable resistant varieties or strains, good cultivation and proper fertilization. Before any symptom of the disease is observed, spray at 15-20 day intervals esp. before and during the rainy season at the rate of 1-1 and ½ kilos of Vitigram Blue per 100 gal of water.

BROWN-EYE SPOT

Control:

- a particular way of reducing the occurrence of the disease is to develop a canopy of shade over the plantation. Proper attention to soil protection and maintaining adequate moisture content seen to have good effects. Even before any symptom of the disease is noticed, spray every 15-20 days before and during the rainy season at the rate of 1-1 and ½ kg. Vitigram blue per 100 gal of water.

PINK DISEASE

Control:

-If the diseased portion completely encircles the trunk and the limbs, the plants are often killed.

DIE-BACK

Control:

-maintain vigor of trees by fertilizing with the right kind and amount of nutrients of proper time, regulate plant growth to prevent overbearing by pruning and or shade.

Varieties of Coffee

Coffee

Coffee is the botanical generic name for coffee. The genus coffee belongs to and is the most important genus of the family Rubiaceae. The genus includes a large number of species that are both cultivated and growing wild.

                Coffee has different varieties. This blog will tell you the different varieties of coffee.

COFFEE VARIETIES

*         Coffea Arabica

 – Waxy leaf margin, light green leaf color, thin leaves, pulp and parchment, and known as “Kapeng Tagalog”.

*         COFFEA ROBUSTA

 - Characterized by large umbrella shaped growth with thinner leaves which have more waxy margins and known by its local name as “Kapeng Robusta”. The leaves are thinner and have more waxy margins than excelsa coffee.

*         Coffea liberica

 – “Kapeng Barako” or “Kapeng Amerikano” It is rounded and borne singly or in a small clusters, has thicker leaves than Excelsa and twice as long as Arabica. The pulp is thick and the parchment is woody. Liberica also characterized a very strong pharmocopial taste and flavor.

*         Coffea excelsa

- wide leaves w/ smooth edge that are thicker than Robusta but thinner, smoother and more rounded than Liberica, locally known as “Kapeng Excelsa, berries are borne in heavy cluster, varying in size and usually bigger than Arabica but smaller than Liberica. 

Coconut

Pest and Diseases in Coconut

The Philippines is still the world’s number one supplier of coconut products, according about 70% of the aggregate world export. The total area planted to coconut is about 3.1 million hectares. However, annual nut production has decreased. This decline in coconut production and productivity is attributed to several constraints, such as unfavourable environmental factors, improper cultural practices, inferior planting materials and unfavourable socioeconomic conditions.  

Here are some pests in coconut crop and their control.

·         Rhinoceros beetle

Cultural control:  Burn logs before they decay

Physical control:  Use traps to attract beetles, then collect and destroy them

Chemical control:  Spray breeding sites with chlordane

Biological control:  The Green Muscardine Fungus (GMF) infects the larva, pupa, and adult of the beetle.  As a preventive control of rhinoceros beetles.  Fifty grams of GMF is introduced into sawdust trap boxes. These boxes attract the wild population of beetles as egg laying sites.

·         Coconut spike moth

Cultural control: Burn infected buttons

Chemical control: Field release of  Apanteles tirathabae and Argyrophylax basifulva in heavily infested area.

·         Asiatic palm weevil

Cultural control: Cut and burn crownless palms

Chemical control: Treat injured portions with coal tar

                Pour 1% chlordane on newly-cut coconut stumps to discourage breeding of other pests like rhinoceros beetle.

·         Coconut scale

Biological control: Use natural enemies, such as coccinellid predators

Chemical control: Spray any of the following insecticides: pirimiphosmethyl (0.04%), methyl parathion (0.04%), dimethoate (0.04%), and methomyl (0.02%), with surfactants.

THANK YOU !!

Bell pepper

Bell pepper

Bell pepper, also known as sweet pepper or a pepper (in the United Kingdom and Ireland) and capsicum (in India, Australia and New Zealand), is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, chocolate/brown, vanilla/white, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet peppers".

Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America and northern South America. Pepper seeds were later carried to Spain in 1493 and from there spread to other European, African and Asian countries. Today, China is the world's largest pepper producer, followed by Mexico and Indonesia.

Cultural/Environmental Problems

¢  Ideal growing conditions for bell peppers include warm soil, ideally 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F), which is kept moist but not waterlogged. Bell peppers are sensitive to an abundance of moisture and excessive temperatures.

¢  Pepper plants are frost-sensitive perennials grown as annuals in temperate climates.

¢  Plant stems become semi-woody when mature and the growth habit may be compact, erect or prostrate.

¢  Pepper plants are largely self-fertile but insects may be responsible for considerable crossing within and between species.

¢  Therefore, saving seed from year to year can lead to unpredictable results unless plants are screened from insects or separated by 500 ft.

Practice

¢  For best results, pepper plants should each be given 3-5 sq. ft. of growing area and a minimum of 6 hrs. Of direct sunlight.

¢  The soil should be well-drained and amended with organic matter and have a pH in the 6.0-7.0 range.

Nutritional

¢  Slow, early season growth - due to cool conditions or purchasing overgrown, stressed transplants. Planting before soil temperature reaches 65°F will cause plants to “just sit there.”

—  It is better to pot plants up into a larger container and grow them indoors until the ground has warmed.

—  Fertilizing with a high phosphorous, soluble fertilizer, setting plants through a black plastic mulch and covering plants with a floating row cover can help encourage early growth.

¢  Small peppers - may result from inadequate fertilization.

Control/Practice:

¢  Pepper plants require a supply of nutrients throughout the growing season, particularly during fruiting.

¢  Feed plants lightly with a balanced fertilizer every 2-3 weeks after fruiting begins.

¢  Pinching off early buds and flowers will accelerate root development and improve yields. 

Squash

Squash Integrated Pest Management

Squash, Cucurbita maxima is a member of the cucurbit family. It is locally known as ‘kalabasa’ or ‘calabaza’, ‘fak-thong’ (Thai), ‘walu’ or ‘labu’ (Indonesian). It is a monoecious annual crop whose stems are long-running or short and bushy, soft-to-hard, and round-to-angular. Adventitious roots are also commonly formed at its nodes. Flowers are solitary with lemon yellow to deep orange color.

Squash is a rich source of vitamin A. The deeper the yellow color of the squash, the higher the vitamin A it contains. The young shoots, flowers, and fruits are used as vegetables. It is cooked alone or in combination with other vegetables, fish, or meat. Mature fruits can be made into pies and sweets, flour, and noodles. In addition, seeds of mature fruits can be boiled in salted water, dried like watermelon seeds, roasted, and used as snack food.

  

              The folkloric used of squash include the use of the fruit pulp as poultice for carbuncles, boils, and ulcers. The part of the fruit stalk that is in contact with the ripe gourd is cut, dried, and make into a pasted and applied to venomous insect bites, particularly from centipedes. The fresh seeds are used as anthelmintic when eaten fresh. The yellow flowers are used against jaundice.

Here are the major pests and diseases in squash.

PESTS:

·         SQUASH BUGS

·         SQUASH VINE BORER

DISEASES:

·         Viruses (Zucchini mosaic virus, squash leaf curl virus)

·         Bacterial wilt

·         Downy mildew

·         LEAF AND VINE PROBLEMS

You can control this pest and diseases by the biological control, chemical control and also the cultural control.

 THANK YOU !!!

Papaya

Common Diseases in Papaya (Carica papaya)

The papaya or, papaw, or pawpaw is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya, the sole species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae. It is native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America.

Here are the common diseases in papaya fruit and their control.

POWDERY MILDEW (Odium caricae)

•       Control

–      As soon as the disease symptoms are observed dusting Sulphur (30 g/10 litres of water) or spraying Calixin 75 EC (5 ml/10 litres of water) at 15 days interval helps to control the disease.

LEAF BLIGHT (Corynespora cassiicola)

•       Control

–      Disease can be controlled by spraying of Dithane M-45 (0.2%) starting form the appearance of the disease symptoms.

DAMPING OFF (Rhizoctonia solani)

•       Control

–      Well-drained soil should be used for planting and the crop should not be excessively irrigated. Before sowing the seeds should be treated with fungal culture of Trichoderma viride (3-4 g/kg of seed) or Captan (3 g/kg of seed) to protect the newly emerging seedlings.

FOOT ROT (Pythium aphanidermatum)

•       Control

–      Application of Trichoderma viride (15 g/plant) mixed in well-decomposed FYM should be applied around the root zone of the plants at the time of planting. The crop should be irrigated by adopting the ring method of irrigation so that the water does not come in direct contact with the stem.

ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

•       Control

–      The affected fruits should be remove and destroyed. The fruits should be harvested as soon as they mature. Spaying with Copper Oxychloride (3 g/litre of water) or Carbendazim (1 g/litre of water) or Thiophanate Methyl (1 g/litre of water) at 15 days interval effectively controls the disease. Fruits for exports should be subjected to hot water treatment or a fungicidal wax treatment.

PAPAYA MOSAIC

•       Control

–      Good field sanitation such as removal and destruction of affected plant reduce the spread of the disease. Also, losses can be minimised controlling the population of aphid. Application of Carbofuran (1 kg a.i./ha) at the time of sowing seeds followed by 2-3 foliar sprays of Phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of 10 days starting from 15-20 days after sowing effectively checks the population of aphids.

LEAF CURL OF PAPAYA

•       Control

–      Removal and destruction of the affected plants is the only control measure to reduce the spread of the disease. Checking the population of white flies also can reduce the infection severity. Soil application of Carbofuran (1 kg a.i./ha) at the time of sowing and 4-5 foliar sprays of Dimethoate (0.05%) or Metasystox (0.02%) or Nuvacron (0.05% ) at an interval of 10 days effectively controls the whitefly population.

Thank You !!

Diseases in Okra

Major Diseases of Okra and their Management

This section includes the causal organism, symptoms, and management is of the three major diseases of okra:

•      Yellow vein mosaic virus,

•      Cercospora leaf spot and

•      Powdery mildew.

Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus of Okra

            Yellow vein mosaic of okra is a virus disease transmitted by whiteflies and leafhoppers. If there yellow vein mosaic in the area, whiteflies feeding on the infected plants will carry or transmit the virus through its feeding on healthy plants.

A plant with yellow vein mosaic virus has yellowish mosaic on the leaves, prominent yellowish veins and curling leaves. If infection is severe, plants become stunted and pods are of low quality.

Application of the recommended rate of fertilizer will promote growth and better crop stand. Too much nitrogen will make the plant more susceptible to whitefly and leafhopper attack.

Cercospora Leaf Spot

           Cercospora leaf spot is a fungal infection caused by the pathogen, Cercospora abelmoschi. Spores from the infected field or plants are carried by the wind to other plants. The spores that stick on the leaf surface grow. The plants show signs ( mycelial growth) on the underside of the leaves.

Symptoms are observed on the old maturing leaves such as yellowing and brown spots on the underside of the leaves. At serious infection, the leaves turn brown and become dry.

Removal and proper disposal of old yellowing leaves with Cercospora leaf spot reduces the infection in the field. Burning the leaves is the easiest way of disposing the infected leaves. After removal of the leaves, spray fungicides on the underside of the okra leaves.

Powdery mildew

            One of the causal organisms of powdery mildew is Erysiphe cichorocearum in okra. Erysiphe also infects other plants isuch as cucurbits, potato, tobacco, tomato, sunflower, and lettuce.

Okra infected by powdery mildew has whithite powdery growth on the upperside of the leaves. Dark spots are all over the infected leaves. This hinders the photosynthetic ability of the plant resulting to stunted growth. The leaves turn brown and eventually become dry.

Application of fungicide late in the afternoon can control the infection. It is important to monitor the adjacent field for the infection so that preventive application of fungicides can be done.

THANK YOU !!

IPM in Okra

Okra Integrated Pest Management

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus belongs to Family Malvaceae. Okra is also known as lady’s finger in English.

           Okra is mainly grown for its young immature fruits and consumed as a vegetable, raw, cooked or fried.

It is a common ingredient of soups and sauces. The fruits can be conserved by drying or pickling. The leaves are sometimes used as spinach or cattle feed, the fibers from the stem for cord, the mucilage for medical and industrial purposes, and the seeds as a substitute for coffee. Okra seeds contain a considerable amount of good quality oil and protein.

Besides local market, okra is grown as fresh or frozen export product to Japan by Thailand and the Philippines. Okra in brine is also a potential export to the Middle East.

Here are some pests in okra.

PESTS:

q  Stem and Pod Borer of Okra, Earias vitella

q  Okra Fruitworm, Heliothis armigera

q  Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura

q  Cotton Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci

q  Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula

q  Melon Aphids, Aphis gossypii

q  Cotton Thrips, Thrips palmi

q  Red spider mites, Tetranychus sp.

You can control this pest of pechay by biological control, chemical control and also by the cultural control.

That’s All … Thank You !!

IPM in Pechay

Pechay Integrated Pest Management

This is from my subject CRPT 2 (Crop Protection)

Pechay (Brassica  chinensis  L.) is an erect, biennial herb, cultivated as an annual about 15-30 cm tall in vegetative state.  Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to blackish brown in color.  Is used mainly for its immature, but fully expanded tender leaves.  Is used as main ingredient for soup and stir-fried dishes.

           Here are some pests of pechay crop.

PESTS:

·         Cabbage Moth
(Croccidolomia bonotalis Zel.)

·        Diamond black moth 

(Plutella maculipenis Curtis)

·         Cabbage Butterfly
(Pieris canidia Sparrman)

·         Flea beetle
(Phyllotreta spp.)

·         Aphids
(Myzus persicae Sulzer.)

·         Common cutworm
(Spodoptera litura Fabr.)

You can control this pest of pechay by the following:

v  Indirect Methods

o   Destroy weeds that serve as breeding places of the pests.

o   Plowing or burning remnants of a crop after harvest.

o   Planting the crop at the right season.

o   Keeping or maintaining the growing crop in good health conditions with adequate fertilization and proper watering.

o   Protecting the natural enemies of the pests like birds, etc.

v  Direct Methods

o   Mechanical

v  Crushing the pests with the hands

v  Catching the pests with the use of nets

v  Trapping

o   Chemical

v  Dusting with chemicals is a direct control measure especially when insect pests are so abundant that they inflict heavy damage on the crop.

 That’s all … Thank You